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ortools-clone/examples/cpp/network_routing_sat.cc

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// Copyright 2010-2018 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// This model solves a multicommodity mono-routing problem with
// capacity constraints and a max usage cost structure. This means
// that given a graph with capacity on edges, and a set of demands
// (source, destination, traffic), the goal is to assign one unique
// path for each demand such that the cost is minimized. The cost is
// defined by the maximum ratio utilization (traffic/capacity) for all
// arcs. There is also a penalty associated with an traffic of an arc
// being above the comfort zone, 85% of the capacity by default.
// Please note that constraint programming is well suited here because
// we cannot have multiple active paths for a single demand.
// Otherwise, a approach based on a linear solver is a better match.
// A random problem generator is also included.
#include <atomic>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
#include "ortools/base/commandlineflags.h"
#include "ortools/base/hash.h"
#include "ortools/base/integral_types.h"
#include "ortools/base/logging.h"
#include "ortools/base/map_util.h"
#include "ortools/base/random.h"
#include "ortools/graph/shortestpaths.h"
#include "ortools/sat/cp_model.h"
#include "ortools/sat/model.h"
#include "ortools/util/time_limit.h"
// ----- Data Generator -----
DEFINE_int32(clients, 0,
"Number of network clients nodes. If equal to zero, "
"then all backbones nodes are also client nodes.");
DEFINE_int32(backbones, 0, "Number of backbone nodes");
DEFINE_int32(demands, 0, "Number of network demands.");
DEFINE_int32(traffic_min, 0, "Min traffic of a demand.");
DEFINE_int32(traffic_max, 0, "Max traffic of a demand.");
DEFINE_int32(min_client_degree, 0,
"Min number of connections from a client to the backbone.");
DEFINE_int32(max_client_degree, 0,
"Max number of connections from a client to the backbone.");
DEFINE_int32(min_backbone_degree, 0,
"Min number of connections from a backbone node to the rest of "
"the backbone nodes.");
DEFINE_int32(max_backbone_degree, 0,
"Max number of connections from a backbone node to the rest of "
"the backbone nodes.");
DEFINE_int32(max_capacity, 0, "Max traffic on any arc.");
DEFINE_int32(fixed_charge_cost, 0, "Fixed charged cost when using an arc.");
DEFINE_int32(seed, 0, "Random seed");
// ----- CP Model -----
DEFINE_double(comfort_zone, 0.85,
"Above this limit in 1/1000th, the link is said to be "
"congestioned.");
DEFINE_int32(extra_hops, 6,
"When creating all paths for a demand, we look at paths with "
"maximum length 'shortest path + extra_hops'");
DEFINE_int32(max_paths, 1200, "Max number of possible paths for a demand.");
// ----- Reporting -----
DEFINE_bool(print_model, false, "Print details of the model.");
// ----- Sat parameters -----
DEFINE_string(params, "", "Sat parameters.");
namespace operations_research {
namespace sat {
// ---------- Data and Data Generation ----------
static const int64 kDisconnectedDistance = -1LL;
// ----- Data -----
// Contains problem data. It assumes capacities are symmetrical:
// (capacity(i->j) == capacity(j->i)).
// Demands are not symmetrical.
class NetworkRoutingData {
public:
NetworkRoutingData()
: name_(""), num_nodes_(-1), max_capacity_(-1), fixed_charge_cost_(-1) {}
// Name of the problem.
const std::string &name() const { return name_; }
// Properties of the model.
int num_nodes() const { return num_nodes_; }
int num_arcs() const { return all_arcs_.size(); }
int num_demands() const { return all_demands_.size(); }
// Returns the capacity of an arc, and 0 if the arc is not defined.
int Capacity(int node1, int node2) const {
return gtl::FindWithDefault(
all_arcs_,
std::make_pair(std::min(node1, node2), std::max(node1, node2)), 0);
}
// Returns the demand between the source and the destination, and 0 if
// there are no demands between the source and the destination.
int Demand(int source, int destination) const {
return gtl::FindWithDefault(all_demands_,
std::make_pair(source, destination), 0);
}
// External building API.
void set_num_nodes(int num_nodes) { num_nodes_ = num_nodes; }
void AddArc(int node1, int node2, int capacity) {
all_arcs_[std::make_pair(std::min(node1, node2), std::max(node1, node2))] =
capacity;
}
void AddDemand(int source, int destination, int traffic) {
all_demands_[std::make_pair(source, destination)] = traffic;
}
void set_name(const std::string &name) { name_ = name; }
void set_max_capacity(int max_capacity) { max_capacity_ = max_capacity; }
void set_fixed_charge_cost(int cost) { fixed_charge_cost_ = cost; }
private:
std::string name_;
int num_nodes_;
int max_capacity_;
int fixed_charge_cost_;
std::unordered_map<std::pair<int, int>, int> all_arcs_;
std::unordered_map<std::pair<int, int>, int> all_demands_;
};
// ----- Data Generation -----
// Random generator of problem. This generator creates a random
// problem. This problem uses a special topology. There are
// 'num_backbones' nodes and 'num_clients' nodes. if 'num_clients' is
// null, then all backbones nodes are also client nodes. All traffic
// originates and terminates in client nodes. Each client node is
// connected to 'min_client_degree' - 'max_client_degree' backbone
// nodes. Each backbone node is connected to 'min_backbone_degree' -
// 'max_backbone_degree' other backbone nodes. There are 'num_demands'
// demands, with a traffic between 'traffic_min' and 'traffic_max'.
// Each arc has a capacity of 'max_capacity'. Using an arc incurs a
// fixed cost of 'fixed_charge_cost'.
class NetworkRoutingDataBuilder {
public:
NetworkRoutingDataBuilder() : random_(0) {}
void BuildModelFromParameters(int num_clients, int num_backbones,
int num_demands, int traffic_min,
int traffic_max, int min_client_degree,
int max_client_degree, int min_backbone_degree,
int max_backbone_degree, int max_capacity,
int fixed_charge_cost, int seed,
NetworkRoutingData *const data) {
CHECK_GE(num_backbones, 1);
CHECK_GE(num_clients, 0);
CHECK_GE(num_demands, 1);
CHECK_LE(num_demands, num_clients == 0 ? num_backbones * num_backbones
: num_clients * num_backbones);
CHECK_GE(max_client_degree, min_client_degree);
CHECK_GE(max_backbone_degree, min_backbone_degree);
CHECK_GE(traffic_max, 1);
CHECK_GE(traffic_max, traffic_min);
CHECK_GE(traffic_min, 1);
CHECK_GE(max_backbone_degree, 2);
CHECK_GE(max_client_degree, 2);
CHECK_LE(max_client_degree, num_backbones);
CHECK_LE(max_backbone_degree, num_backbones);
CHECK_GE(max_capacity, 1);
const int size = num_backbones + num_clients;
InitData(size, seed);
BuildGraph(num_clients, num_backbones, min_client_degree, max_client_degree,
min_backbone_degree, max_backbone_degree);
CreateDemands(num_clients, num_backbones, num_demands, traffic_min,
traffic_max, data);
FillData(num_clients, num_backbones, num_demands, traffic_min, traffic_max,
min_client_degree, max_client_degree, min_backbone_degree,
max_backbone_degree, max_capacity, fixed_charge_cost, seed, data);
}
private:
void InitData(int size, int seed) {
network_.clear();
network_.resize(size);
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
network_[i].resize(size, false);
}
degrees_.clear();
degrees_.resize(size, 0);
random_.Reset(seed);
}
void BuildGraph(int num_clients, int num_backbones, int min_client_degree,
int max_client_degree, int min_backbone_degree,
int max_backbone_degree) {
const int size = num_backbones + num_clients;
// First we create the backbone nodes.
for (int i = 1; i < num_backbones; ++i) {
int j = random_.Uniform(i);
CHECK_LT(j, i);
AddEdge(i, j);
}
std::unordered_set<int> to_complete;
std::unordered_set<int> not_full;
for (int i = 0; i < num_backbones; ++i) {
if (degrees_[i] < min_backbone_degree) {
to_complete.insert(i);
}
if (degrees_[i] < max_backbone_degree) {
not_full.insert(i);
}
}
while (!to_complete.empty() && not_full.size() > 1) {
const int node1 = *(to_complete.begin());
int node2 = node1;
while (node2 == node1 || degrees_[node2] >= max_backbone_degree) {
node2 = random_.Uniform(num_backbones);
}
AddEdge(node1, node2);
if (degrees_[node1] >= min_backbone_degree) {
to_complete.erase(node1);
}
if (degrees_[node2] >= min_backbone_degree) {
to_complete.erase(node2);
}
if (degrees_[node1] >= max_backbone_degree) {
not_full.erase(node1);
}
if (degrees_[node2] >= max_backbone_degree) {
not_full.erase(node2);
}
}
// Then create the client nodes connected to the backbone nodes.
// If num_client is 0, then backbone nodes are also client nodes.
for (int i = num_backbones; i < size; ++i) {
const int degree = RandomInInterval(min_client_degree, max_client_degree);
while (degrees_[i] < degree) {
const int j = random_.Uniform(num_backbones);
if (!network_[i][j]) {
AddEdge(i, j);
}
}
}
}
void CreateDemands(int num_clients, int num_backbones, int num_demands,
int traffic_min, int traffic_max,
NetworkRoutingData *const data) {
while (data->num_demands() < num_demands) {
const int source = RandomClient(num_clients, num_backbones);
int dest = source;
while (dest == source) {
dest = RandomClient(num_clients, num_backbones);
}
const int traffic = RandomInInterval(traffic_min, traffic_max);
data->AddDemand(source, dest, traffic);
}
}
void FillData(int num_clients, int num_backbones, int num_demands,
int traffic_min, int traffic_max, int min_client_degree,
int max_client_degree, int min_backbone_degree,
int max_backbone_degree, int max_capacity,
int fixed_charge_cost, int seed,
NetworkRoutingData *const data) {
const int size = num_backbones + num_clients;
const std::string name = absl::StrFormat(
"mp_c%i_b%i_d%i.t%i-%i.cd%i-%i.bd%i-%i.mc%i.fc%i.s%i", num_clients,
num_backbones, num_demands, traffic_min, traffic_max, min_client_degree,
max_client_degree, min_backbone_degree, max_backbone_degree,
max_capacity, fixed_charge_cost, seed);
data->set_name(name);
data->set_num_nodes(size);
int num_arcs = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; ++i) {
for (int j = i + 1; j < size; ++j) {
if (network_[i][j]) {
data->AddArc(i, j, max_capacity);
num_arcs++;
}
}
}
data->set_max_capacity(max_capacity);
data->set_fixed_charge_cost(fixed_charge_cost);
}
void AddEdge(int i, int j) {
degrees_[i]++;
degrees_[j]++;
network_[i][j] = true;
network_[j][i] = true;
}
int RandomInInterval(int interval_min, int interval_max) {
CHECK_LE(interval_min, interval_max);
return random_.Uniform(interval_max - interval_min + 1) + interval_min;
}
int RandomClient(int num_clients, int num_backbones) {
return (num_clients == 0) ? random_.Uniform(num_backbones)
: random_.Uniform(num_clients) + num_backbones;
}
std::vector<std::vector<bool>> network_;
std::vector<int> degrees_;
ACMRandom random_;
};
// ---------- Solving the Problem ----------
// Useful data struct to hold demands.
struct Demand {
public:
Demand(int the_source, int the_destination, int the_traffic)
: source(the_source),
destination(the_destination),
traffic(the_traffic) {}
int source;
int destination;
int traffic;
};
class NetworkRoutingSolver {
public:
typedef std::unordered_set<int> OnePath;
NetworkRoutingSolver() : num_nodes_(-1) {}
void ComputeAllPathsForOneDemandAndOnePathLength(int demand_index,
int max_length,
int max_paths) {
// We search for paths of length exactly 'max_length'.
CpModelBuilder cp_model;
std::vector<IntVar> arc_vars;
std::vector<IntVar> node_vars;
for (int i = 0; i < max_length; ++i) {
node_vars.push_back(cp_model.NewIntVar(Domain(0, num_nodes_ - 1)));
}
for (int i = 0; i < max_length - 1; ++i) {
arc_vars.push_back(cp_model.NewIntVar(Domain(-1, count_arcs() - 1)));
}
for (int i = 0; i < max_length - 1; ++i) {
std::vector<IntVar> tmp_vars;
tmp_vars.push_back(node_vars[i]);
tmp_vars.push_back(node_vars[i + 1]);
tmp_vars.push_back(arc_vars[i]);
TableConstraint table = cp_model.AddAllowedAssignments(
{node_vars[i], node_vars[i + 1], arc_vars[i]});
for (const auto &tuple : arcs_data_) {
table.AddTuple(tuple);
}
}
const Demand &demand = demands_array_[demand_index];
cp_model.AddEquality(node_vars[0], demand.source);
cp_model.AddEquality(node_vars[max_length - 1], demand.destination);
cp_model.AddAllDifferent(arc_vars);
cp_model.AddAllDifferent(node_vars);
Model model;
// Create an atomic Boolean that will be periodically checked by the limit.
std::atomic<bool> stopped(false);
model.GetOrCreate<TimeLimit>()->RegisterExternalBooleanAsLimit(&stopped);
model.Add(NewFeasibleSolutionObserver([&](const CpSolverResponse &r) {
const int path_id = all_paths_[demand_index].size();
all_paths_[demand_index].resize(path_id + 1);
for (int arc_index = 0; arc_index < max_length - 1; ++arc_index) {
const int arc = SolutionIntegerValue(r, arc_vars[arc_index]);
all_paths_[demand_index].back().insert(arc);
}
if (all_paths_[demand_index].size() >= max_paths) {
stopped = true;
}
}));
SatParameters parameters;
parameters.set_enumerate_all_solutions(true);
model.Add(NewSatParameters(parameters));
SolveWithModel(cp_model.Build(), &model);
}
// This method will fill the all_paths_ data structure. all_paths
// contains, for each demand, a vector of possible paths, stored as
// a hash_set of arc indices.
int ComputeAllPaths(int extra_hops, int max_paths) {
int num_paths = 0;
for (int demand_index = 0; demand_index < demands_array_.size();
++demand_index) {
const int min_path_length = all_min_path_lengths_[demand_index];
for (int max_length = min_path_length + 1;
max_length <= min_path_length + extra_hops + 1; ++max_length) {
ComputeAllPathsForOneDemandAndOnePathLength(demand_index, max_length,
max_paths);
if (all_paths_[demand_index].size() >= max_paths) {
break;
}
}
num_paths += all_paths_[demand_index].size();
}
return num_paths;
}
void AddArcData(int64 source, int64 destination, int arc_id) {
arcs_data_.push_back({source, destination, arc_id});
}
void InitArcInfo(const NetworkRoutingData &data) {
const int num_arcs = data.num_arcs();
capacity_.clear();
capacity_.resize(num_nodes_);
for (int node_index = 0; node_index < num_nodes_; ++node_index) {
capacity_[node_index].resize(num_nodes_, 0);
}
int arc_id = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < num_nodes_ - 1; ++i) {
for (int j = i + 1; j < num_nodes_; ++j) {
const int capacity = data.Capacity(i, j);
if (capacity > 0) {
AddArcData(i, j, arc_id);
AddArcData(j, i, arc_id);
arc_id++;
arc_capacity_.push_back(capacity);
capacity_[i][j] = capacity;
capacity_[j][i] = capacity;
if (FLAGS_print_model) {
LOG(INFO) << "Arc " << i << " <-> " << j << " with capacity "
<< capacity;
}
}
}
}
CHECK_EQ(arc_id, num_arcs);
}
int InitDemandInfo(const NetworkRoutingData &data) {
const int num_demands = data.num_demands();
int total_demand = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < num_nodes_; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < num_nodes_; ++j) {
const int traffic = data.Demand(i, j);
if (traffic > 0) {
demands_array_.push_back(Demand(i, j, traffic));
total_demand += traffic;
}
}
}
CHECK_EQ(num_demands, demands_array_.size());
return total_demand;
}
int64 InitShortestPaths(const NetworkRoutingData &data) {
const int num_demands = data.num_demands();
int64 total_cumulated_traffic = 0;
all_min_path_lengths_.clear();
std::vector<int> paths;
for (int demand_index = 0; demand_index < num_demands; ++demand_index) {
paths.clear();
const Demand &demand = demands_array_[demand_index];
CHECK(DijkstraShortestPath(num_nodes_, demand.source, demand.destination,
[this](int x, int y) { return HasArc(x, y); },
kDisconnectedDistance, &paths));
all_min_path_lengths_.push_back(paths.size() - 1);
}
for (int i = 0; i < num_demands; ++i) {
const int min_path_length = all_min_path_lengths_[i];
total_cumulated_traffic += min_path_length * demands_array_[i].traffic;
}
return total_cumulated_traffic;
}
int InitPaths(const NetworkRoutingData &data, int extra_hops, int max_paths) {
const int num_demands = data.num_demands();
LOG(INFO) << "Computing all possible paths ";
LOG(INFO) << " - extra hops = " << extra_hops;
LOG(INFO) << " - max paths per demand = " << max_paths;
all_paths_.clear();
all_paths_.resize(num_demands);
const int num_paths = ComputeAllPaths(extra_hops, max_paths);
for (int demand_index = 0; demand_index < num_demands; ++demand_index) {
const Demand &demand = demands_array_[demand_index];
LOG(INFO) << "Demand from " << demand.source << " to "
<< demand.destination << " with traffic " << demand.traffic
<< ", and " << all_paths_[demand_index].size()
<< " possible paths.";
}
return num_paths;
}
void Init(const NetworkRoutingData &data, int extra_hops, int max_paths) {
LOG(INFO) << "Model " << data.name();
num_nodes_ = data.num_nodes();
const int num_arcs = data.num_arcs();
const int num_demands = data.num_demands();
InitArcInfo(data);
const int total_demand = InitDemandInfo(data);
const int64 total_cumulated_traffic = InitShortestPaths(data);
const int num_paths = InitPaths(data, extra_hops, max_paths);
// ----- Report Problem Sizes -----
LOG(INFO) << "Model created:";
LOG(INFO) << " - " << num_nodes_ << " nodes";
LOG(INFO) << " - " << num_arcs << " arcs";
LOG(INFO) << " - " << num_demands << " demands";
LOG(INFO) << " - a total traffic of " << total_demand;
LOG(INFO) << " - a minimum cumulated traffic of "
<< total_cumulated_traffic;
LOG(INFO) << " - " << num_paths << " possible paths for all demands";
}
// ----- Callback for Dijkstra Shortest Path -----
int64 HasArc(int i, int j) {
if (capacity_[i][j] > 0) {
return 1;
} else {
return kDisconnectedDistance; // disconnected distance.
}
}
// ----- Main Solve routine -----
int64 Solve() {
LOG(INFO) << "Solving model";
const int num_demands = demands_array_.size();
const int num_arcs = count_arcs();
// ----- Build Model -----
CpModelBuilder cp_model;
std::vector<std::vector<IntVar>> path_vars(num_demands);
// Node - Graph Constraint.
for (int demand_index = 0; demand_index < num_demands; ++demand_index) {
for (int arc = 0; arc < num_arcs; ++arc) {
path_vars[demand_index].push_back(cp_model.NewBoolVar());
}
// Fill Tuple Set for AllowedAssignment constraint.
TableConstraint path_ct =
cp_model.AddAllowedAssignments(path_vars[demand_index]);
for (const auto &one_path : all_paths_[demand_index]) {
std::vector<int64> tuple(count_arcs(), 0);
for (const int arc : one_path) {
tuple[arc] = 1;
}
path_ct.AddTuple(tuple);
}
}
// Traffic variables and objective definition.
std::vector<IntVar> traffic_vars(num_arcs);
std::vector<IntVar> normalized_traffic_vars(num_arcs);
std::vector<BoolVar> comfortable_traffic_vars(num_arcs);
int64 max_normalized_traffic = 0;
for (int arc_index = 0; arc_index < num_arcs; ++arc_index) {
int64 sum_of_traffic = 0;
LinearExpr traffic_expr;
for (int i = 0; i < path_vars.size(); ++i) {
sum_of_traffic += demands_array_[i].traffic;
traffic_expr.AddTerm(path_vars[i][arc_index],
demands_array_[i].traffic);
}
const IntVar traffic_var = cp_model.NewIntVar(Domain(0, sum_of_traffic));
traffic_vars[arc_index] = traffic_var;
cp_model.AddEquality(traffic_expr, traffic_var);
const int64 capacity = arc_capacity_[arc_index];
IntVar scaled_traffic =
cp_model.NewIntVar(Domain(0, sum_of_traffic * 1000));
cp_model.AddEquality(LinearExpr::ScalProd({traffic_var}, {1000}),
scaled_traffic);
IntVar normalized_traffic =
cp_model.NewIntVar(Domain(0, sum_of_traffic * 1000 / capacity));
max_normalized_traffic =
std::max(max_normalized_traffic, sum_of_traffic * 1000 / capacity);
cp_model.AddDivisionEquality(normalized_traffic, scaled_traffic,
cp_model.NewConstant(capacity));
normalized_traffic_vars[arc_index] = normalized_traffic;
const BoolVar comfort = cp_model.NewBoolVar();
const int64 safe_capacity =
static_cast<int64>(capacity * FLAGS_comfort_zone);
cp_model.AddGreaterThan(traffic_var, safe_capacity)
.OnlyEnforceIf(comfort);
cp_model.AddLessOrEqual(traffic_var, safe_capacity)
.OnlyEnforceIf(Not(comfort));
comfortable_traffic_vars[arc_index] = comfort;
}
const IntVar max_usage_cost =
cp_model.NewIntVar(Domain(0, max_normalized_traffic));
cp_model.AddMaxEquality(max_usage_cost, normalized_traffic_vars);
LinearExpr objective_expr;
objective_expr.AddVar(max_usage_cost);
for (const BoolVar var : comfortable_traffic_vars) {
objective_expr.AddVar(var);
}
cp_model.Minimize(objective_expr);
Model model;
if (!FLAGS_params.empty()) {
model.Add(NewSatParameters(FLAGS_params));
}
int num_solutions = 0;
model.Add(NewFeasibleSolutionObserver([&](const CpSolverResponse &r) {
LOG(INFO) << "Solution " << num_solutions;
const double objective_value = r.objective_value();
const double percent = SolutionIntegerValue(r, max_usage_cost) / 10.0;
int num_non_comfortable_arcs = 0;
for (const BoolVar comfort : comfortable_traffic_vars) {
num_non_comfortable_arcs += SolutionBooleanValue(r, comfort);
}
if (num_non_comfortable_arcs > 0) {
LOG(INFO) << "*** Found a solution with a max usage of " << percent
<< "%, and " << num_non_comfortable_arcs
<< " links above the comfort zone";
} else {
LOG(INFO) << "*** Found a solution with a max usage of " << percent
<< "%";
}
num_solutions++;
}));
const CpSolverResponse response = SolveWithModel(cp_model.Build(), &model);
return response.objective_value();
}
private:
int count_arcs() const { return arcs_data_.size() / 2; }
std::vector<std::vector<int64>> arcs_data_;
std::vector<int> arc_capacity_;
std::vector<Demand> demands_array_;
int num_nodes_;
std::vector<int64> all_min_path_lengths_;
std::vector<std::vector<int>> capacity_;
std::vector<std::vector<OnePath>> all_paths_;
};
} // namespace sat
} // namespace operations_research
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
operations_research::sat::NetworkRoutingData data;
operations_research::sat::NetworkRoutingDataBuilder builder;
builder.BuildModelFromParameters(
FLAGS_clients, FLAGS_backbones, FLAGS_demands, FLAGS_traffic_min,
FLAGS_traffic_max, FLAGS_min_client_degree, FLAGS_max_client_degree,
FLAGS_min_backbone_degree, FLAGS_max_backbone_degree, FLAGS_max_capacity,
FLAGS_fixed_charge_cost, FLAGS_seed, &data);
operations_research::sat::NetworkRoutingSolver solver;
solver.Init(data, FLAGS_extra_hops, FLAGS_max_paths);
LOG(INFO) << "Final cost = " << solver.Solve();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}