preprocessor.h

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// Copyright 2010-2021 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
 
//
// This file contains the presolving code for a LinearProgram.
//
// A classical reference is:
// E. D. Andersen, K. D. Andersen, "Presolving in linear programming.",
// Mathematical Programming 71 (1995) 221-245.
 
#ifndef OR_TOOLS_GLOP_PREPROCESSOR_H_
#define OR_TOOLS_GLOP_PREPROCESSOR_H_
 
#include <memory>
 
#include "ortools/base/strong_vector.h"
#include "ortools/glop/parameters.pb.h"
#include "ortools/glop/revised_simplex.h"
#include "ortools/lp_data/lp_data.h"
#include "ortools/lp_data/lp_types.h"
#include "ortools/lp_data/matrix_scaler.h"
 
namespace operations_research {
namespace glop {
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Preprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// This is the base class for preprocessors.
//
// TODO(user): On most preprocessors, calling Run() more than once will not work
// as expected. Fix? or document and crash in debug if this happens.
class Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit Preprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters);
  Preprocessor(const Preprocessor&) = delete;
  Preprocessor& operator=(const Preprocessor&) = delete;
  virtual ~Preprocessor();
 
  // Runs the preprocessor by modifying the given linear program. Returns true
  // if a postsolve step will be needed (i.e. RecoverSolution() is not the
  // identity function). Also updates status_ to something different from
  // ProblemStatus::INIT if the problem was solved (including bad statuses
  // like ProblemStatus::ABNORMAL, ProblemStatus::INFEASIBLE, etc.).
  virtual bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) = 0;
 
  // Stores the optimal solution of the linear program that was passed to
  // Run(). The given solution needs to be set to the optimal solution of the
  // linear program "modified" by Run().
  virtual void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const = 0;
 
  // Returns the status of the preprocessor.
  // A status different from ProblemStatus::INIT means that the problem is
  // solved and there is not need to call subsequent preprocessors.
  ProblemStatus status() const { return status_; }
 
  // Some preprocessors only need minimal changes when used with integer
  // variables in a MIP context. Setting this to true allows to consider integer
  // variables as integer in these preprocessors.
  //
  // Not all preprocessors handle integer variables correctly, calling this
  // function on them will cause a LOG(FATAL).
  virtual void UseInMipContext() { in_mip_context_ = true; }
 
  void SetTimeLimit(TimeLimit* time_limit) { time_limit_ = time_limit; }
 
 protected:
  // Returns true if a is less than b (or slighlty greater than b with a given
  // tolerance).
  bool IsSmallerWithinFeasibilityTolerance(Fractional a, Fractional b) const {
    return ::operations_research::IsSmallerWithinTolerance(
        a, b, parameters_.solution_feasibility_tolerance());
  }
  bool IsSmallerWithinPreprocessorZeroTolerance(Fractional a,
                                                Fractional b) const {
    // TODO(user): use an absolute tolerance here to be even more defensive?
    return ::operations_research::IsSmallerWithinTolerance(
        a, b, parameters_.preprocessor_zero_tolerance());
  }
 
  ProblemStatus status_;
  const GlopParameters& parameters_;
  bool in_mip_context_;
  std::unique_ptr<TimeLimit> infinite_time_limit_;
  TimeLimit* time_limit_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// MainLpPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// This is the main LP preprocessor responsible for calling all the other
// preprocessors in this file, possibly more than once.
class MainLpPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit MainLpPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  MainLpPreprocessor(const MainLpPreprocessor&) = delete;
  MainLpPreprocessor& operator=(const MainLpPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~MainLpPreprocessor() override {}
 
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const override;
  // Like RecoverSolution but destroys data structures as it goes to reduce peak
  // RAM use. After calling this the MainLpPreprocessor object may no longer be
  // used.
  void DestructiveRecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution);
 
 private:
  // Runs the given preprocessor and push it on preprocessors_ for the postsolve
  // step when needed.
  void RunAndPushIfRelevant(std::unique_ptr<Preprocessor> preprocessor,
                            const std::string& name, TimeLimit* time_limit,
                            LinearProgram* lp);
 
  // Stack of preprocessors currently applied to the lp that needs postsolve.
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Preprocessor>> preprocessors_;
 
  // Initial dimension of the lp given to Run(), for displaying purpose.
  EntryIndex initial_num_entries_;
  RowIndex initial_num_rows_;
  ColIndex initial_num_cols_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// ColumnDeletionHelper
// --------------------------------------------------------
 
// Some preprocessors need to save columns/rows of the matrix for the postsolve.
// This class helps them do that.
//
// Note that we used to simply use a SparseMatrix, which is like a vector of
// SparseColumn. However on large problem with 10+ millions columns, each empty
// SparseColumn take 48 bytes, so if we run like 10 presolve step that save as
// little as 1 columns, we already are at 4GB memory for nothing!
class ColumnsSaver {
 public:
  // Saves a column. The first version CHECKs that it is not already done.
  void SaveColumn(ColIndex col, const SparseColumn& column);
  void SaveColumnIfNotAlreadyDone(ColIndex col, const SparseColumn& column);
 
  // Returns the saved column. The first version CHECKs that it was saved.
  const SparseColumn& SavedColumn(ColIndex col) const;
  const SparseColumn& SavedOrEmptyColumn(ColIndex col) const;
 
 private:
  SparseColumn empty_column_;
  absl::flat_hash_map<ColIndex, int> saved_columns_index_;
 
  // TODO(user): We could optimize further since all these are read only, we
  // could use a CompactSparseMatrix instead.
  std::deque<SparseColumn> saved_columns_;
};
 
// Help preprocessors deal with column deletion.
class ColumnDeletionHelper {
 public:
  ColumnDeletionHelper() {}
  ColumnDeletionHelper(const ColumnDeletionHelper&) = delete;
  ColumnDeletionHelper& operator=(const ColumnDeletionHelper&) = delete;
 
  // Remember the given column as "deleted" so that it can later be restored
  // by RestoreDeletedColumns(). Optionally, the caller may indicate the
  // value and status of the corresponding variable so that it is automatically
  // restored; if they don't then the restored value and status will be junk
  // and must be set by the caller.
  //
  // The actual deletion is done by LinearProgram::DeleteColumns().
  void MarkColumnForDeletion(ColIndex col);
  void MarkColumnForDeletionWithState(ColIndex col, Fractional value,
                                      VariableStatus status);
 
  // From a solution omitting the deleted column, expands it and inserts the
  // deleted columns. If values and statuses for the corresponding variables
  // were saved, they'll be restored.
  void RestoreDeletedColumns(ProblemSolution* solution) const;
 
  // Returns whether or not the given column is marked for deletion.
  bool IsColumnMarked(ColIndex col) const {
    return col < is_column_deleted_.size() && is_column_deleted_[col];
  }
 
  // Returns a Boolean vector of the column to be deleted.
  const DenseBooleanRow& GetMarkedColumns() const { return is_column_deleted_; }
 
  // Returns true if no columns have been marked for deletion.
  bool IsEmpty() const { return is_column_deleted_.empty(); }
 
  // Restores the class to its initial state.
  void Clear();
 
  // Returns the value that will be restored by
  // RestoreDeletedColumnInSolution(). Note that only the marked position value
  // make sense.
  const DenseRow& GetStoredValue() const { return stored_value_; }
 
 private:
  DenseBooleanRow is_column_deleted_;
 
  // Note that this vector has the same size as is_column_deleted_ and that
  // the value of the variable corresponding to a deleted column col is stored
  // at position col. Values of columns not deleted are not used. We use this
  // data structure so columns can be deleted in any order if needed.
  DenseRow stored_value_;
  VariableStatusRow stored_status_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// RowDeletionHelper
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Help preprocessors deal with row deletion.
class RowDeletionHelper {
 public:
  RowDeletionHelper() {}
  RowDeletionHelper(const RowDeletionHelper&) = delete;
  RowDeletionHelper& operator=(const RowDeletionHelper&) = delete;
 
  // Returns true if no rows have been marked for deletion.
  bool IsEmpty() const { return is_row_deleted_.empty(); }
 
  // Restores the class to its initial state.
  void Clear();
 
  // Adds a deleted row to the helper.
  void MarkRowForDeletion(RowIndex row);
 
  // If the given row was marked for deletion, unmark it.
  void UnmarkRow(RowIndex row);
 
  // Returns a Boolean vector of the row to be deleted.
  const DenseBooleanColumn& GetMarkedRows() const;
 
  // Returns whether or not the given row is marked for deletion.
  bool IsRowMarked(RowIndex row) const {
    return row < is_row_deleted_.size() && is_row_deleted_[row];
  }
 
  // From a solution without the deleted rows, expand it by restoring
  // the deleted rows to a VariableStatus::BASIC status with 0.0 value.
  // This latter value is important, many preprocessors rely on it.
  void RestoreDeletedRows(ProblemSolution* solution) const;
 
 private:
  DenseBooleanColumn is_row_deleted_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// EmptyColumnPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Removes the empty columns from the problem.
class EmptyColumnPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit EmptyColumnPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  EmptyColumnPreprocessor(const EmptyColumnPreprocessor&) = delete;
  EmptyColumnPreprocessor& operator=(const EmptyColumnPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~EmptyColumnPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  ColumnDeletionHelper column_deletion_helper_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// ProportionalColumnPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Removes the proportional columns from the problem when possible. Two columns
// are proportional if one is a non-zero scalar multiple of the other.
//
// Note that in the linear programming literature, two proportional columns are
// usually called duplicates. The notion is the same once the problem has been
// scaled. However, during presolve the columns can't be assumed to be scaled,
// so it makes sense to use the more general notion of proportional columns.
class ProportionalColumnPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit ProportionalColumnPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  ProportionalColumnPreprocessor(const ProportionalColumnPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  ProportionalColumnPreprocessor& operator=(
      const ProportionalColumnPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~ProportionalColumnPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
  void UseInMipContext() final { LOG(FATAL) << "Not implemented."; }
 
 private:
  // Postsolve information about proportional columns with the same scaled cost
  // that were merged during presolve.
 
  // The proportionality factor of each column. If two columns are proportional
  // with factor p1 and p2 then p1 times the first column is the same as p2
  // times the second column.
  DenseRow column_factors_;
 
  // If merged_columns_[col] != kInvalidCol, then column col has been merged
  // into the column merged_columns_[col].
  ColMapping merged_columns_;
 
  // The old and new variable bounds.
  DenseRow lower_bounds_;
  DenseRow upper_bounds_;
  DenseRow new_lower_bounds_;
  DenseRow new_upper_bounds_;
 
  ColumnDeletionHelper column_deletion_helper_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// ProportionalRowPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Removes the proportional rows from the problem.
// The linear programming literature also calls such rows duplicates, see the
// same remark above for columns in ProportionalColumnPreprocessor.
class ProportionalRowPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit ProportionalRowPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  ProportionalRowPreprocessor(const ProportionalRowPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ProportionalRowPreprocessor& operator=(const ProportionalRowPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  ~ProportionalRowPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  // Informations about proportional rows, only filled for such rows.
  DenseColumn row_factors_;
  RowMapping upper_bound_sources_;
  RowMapping lower_bound_sources_;
 
  bool lp_is_maximization_problem_;
  RowDeletionHelper row_deletion_helper_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// SingletonPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Removes as many singleton rows and singleton columns as possible from the
// problem. Note that not all types of singleton columns can be removed. See the
// comments below on the SingletonPreprocessor functions for more details.
//
// TODO(user): Generalize the design used in this preprocessor to a general
// "propagation" framework in order to apply as many reductions as possible in
// an efficient manner.
 
// Holds a triplet (row, col, coefficient).
struct MatrixEntry {
  MatrixEntry(RowIndex _row, ColIndex _col, Fractional _coeff)
      : row(_row), col(_col), coeff(_coeff) {}
  RowIndex row;
  ColIndex col;
  Fractional coeff;
};
 
// Stores the information needed to undo a singleton row/column deletion.
class SingletonUndo {
 public:
  // The type of a given operation.
  typedef enum {
    ZERO_COST_SINGLETON_COLUMN,
    SINGLETON_ROW,
    SINGLETON_COLUMN_IN_EQUALITY,
    MAKE_CONSTRAINT_AN_EQUALITY,
  } OperationType;
 
  // Stores the information, which together with the field deleted_columns_ and
  // deleted_rows_ of SingletonPreprocessor, are needed to undo an operation
  // with the given type. Note that all the arguments must refer to the linear
  // program BEFORE the operation is applied.
  SingletonUndo(OperationType type, const LinearProgram& lp, MatrixEntry e,
                ConstraintStatus status);
 
  // Undo the operation saved in this class, taking into account the saved
  // column and row (at the row/col given by Entry()) passed by the calling
  // instance of SingletonPreprocessor. Note that the operations must be undone
  // in the reverse order of the one in which they were applied.
  void Undo(const GlopParameters& parameters, const SparseColumn& saved_column,
            const SparseColumn& saved_row, ProblemSolution* solution) const;
 
  const MatrixEntry& Entry() const { return e_; }
 
 private:
  // Actual undo functions for each OperationType.
  // Undo() just calls the correct one.
  void SingletonRowUndo(const SparseColumn& saved_column,
                        ProblemSolution* solution) const;
  void ZeroCostSingletonColumnUndo(const GlopParameters& parameters,
                                   const SparseColumn& saved_row,
                                   ProblemSolution* solution) const;
  void SingletonColumnInEqualityUndo(const GlopParameters& parameters,
                                     const SparseColumn& saved_row,
                                     ProblemSolution* solution) const;
  void MakeConstraintAnEqualityUndo(ProblemSolution* solution) const;
 
  // All the information needed during undo.
  OperationType type_;
  bool is_maximization_;
  MatrixEntry e_;
  Fractional cost_;
 
  // TODO(user): regroup the pair (lower bound, upper bound) in a bound class?
  Fractional variable_lower_bound_;
  Fractional variable_upper_bound_;
  Fractional constraint_lower_bound_;
  Fractional constraint_upper_bound_;
 
  // This in only used with MAKE_CONSTRAINT_AN_EQUALITY undo.
  // TODO(user): Clean that up using many Undo classes and virtual functions.
  ConstraintStatus constraint_status_;
};
 
// Deletes as many singleton rows or singleton columns as possible. Note that
// each time we delete a row or a column, new singletons may be created.
class SingletonPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit SingletonPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  SingletonPreprocessor(const SingletonPreprocessor&) = delete;
  SingletonPreprocessor& operator=(const SingletonPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~SingletonPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  // Returns the MatrixEntry of the given singleton row or column, taking into
  // account the rows and columns that were already deleted.
  MatrixEntry GetSingletonColumnMatrixEntry(ColIndex col,
                                            const SparseMatrix& matrix);
  MatrixEntry GetSingletonRowMatrixEntry(RowIndex row,
                                         const SparseMatrix& matrix_transpose);
 
  // A singleton row can always be removed by changing the corresponding
  // variable bounds to take into account the bounds on this singleton row.
  void DeleteSingletonRow(MatrixEntry e, LinearProgram* lp);
 
  // Internal operation when removing a zero-cost singleton column corresponding
  // to the given entry. This modifies the constraint bounds to take into acount
  // the bounds of the corresponding variable.
  void UpdateConstraintBoundsWithVariableBounds(MatrixEntry e,
                                                LinearProgram* lp);
 
  // Checks if all other variables in the constraint are integer and the
  // coefficients are divisible by the coefficient of the singleton variable.
  bool IntegerSingletonColumnIsRemovable(const MatrixEntry& matrix_entry,
                                         const LinearProgram& lp) const;
 
  // A singleton column with a cost of zero can always be removed by changing
  // the corresponding constraint bounds to take into acount the bound of this
  // singleton column.
  void DeleteZeroCostSingletonColumn(const SparseMatrix& matrix_transpose,
                                     MatrixEntry e, LinearProgram* lp);
 
  // Returns true if the constraint associated to the given singleton column was
  // an equality or could be made one:
  // If a singleton variable is free in a direction that improves the cost, then
  // we can always move it as much as possible in this direction. Only the
  // constraint will stop us, making it an equality. If the constraint doesn't
  // stop us, then the program is unbounded (provided that there is a feasible
  // solution).
  //
  // Note that this operation does not need any "undo" during the post-solve. At
  // optimality, the dual value on the constraint row will be of the correct
  // sign, and relaxing the constraint bound will not impact the dual
  // feasibility of the solution.
  //
  // TODO(user): this operation can be generalized to columns with just one
  // blocking constraint. Investigate how to use this. The 'reverse' can
  // probably also be done, relaxing a constraint that is blocking a
  // unconstrained variable.
  bool MakeConstraintAnEqualityIfPossible(const SparseMatrix& matrix_transpose,
                                          MatrixEntry e, LinearProgram* lp);
 
  // If a singleton column appears in an equality, we can remove its cost by
  // changing the other variables cost using the constraint. We can then delete
  // the column like in DeleteZeroCostSingletonColumn().
  void DeleteSingletonColumnInEquality(const SparseMatrix& matrix_transpose,
                                       MatrixEntry e, LinearProgram* lp);
 
  ColumnDeletionHelper column_deletion_helper_;
  RowDeletionHelper row_deletion_helper_;
  std::vector<SingletonUndo> undo_stack_;
 
  // This is used as a "cache" by MakeConstraintAnEqualityIfPossible() to avoid
  // scanning more than once each row. See the code to see how this is used.
  absl::StrongVector<RowIndex, bool> row_sum_is_cached_;
  absl::StrongVector<RowIndex, SumWithNegativeInfiniteAndOneMissing>
      row_lb_sum_;
  absl::StrongVector<RowIndex, SumWithPositiveInfiniteAndOneMissing>
      row_ub_sum_;
 
  // TODO(user): It is annoying that we need to store a part of the matrix that
  // is not deleted here. This extra memory usage might show the limit of our
  // presolve architecture that does not require a new matrix factorization on
  // the original problem to reconstruct the solution.
  ColumnsSaver columns_saver_;
  ColumnsSaver rows_saver_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// FixedVariablePreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Removes the fixed variables from the problem.
class FixedVariablePreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit FixedVariablePreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  FixedVariablePreprocessor(const FixedVariablePreprocessor&) = delete;
  FixedVariablePreprocessor& operator=(const FixedVariablePreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  ~FixedVariablePreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  ColumnDeletionHelper column_deletion_helper_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// ForcingAndImpliedFreeConstraintPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// This preprocessor computes for each constraint row the bounds that are
// implied by the variable bounds and applies one of the following reductions:
//
// * If the intersection of the implied bounds and the current constraint bounds
// is empty (modulo some tolerance), the problem is INFEASIBLE.
//
// * If the intersection of the implied bounds and the current constraint bounds
// is a singleton (modulo some tolerance), then the constraint is said to be
// forcing and all the variables that appear in it can be fixed to one of their
// bounds. All these columns and the constraint row is removed.
//
// * If the implied bounds are included inside the current constraint bounds
// (modulo some tolerance) then the constraint is said to be redundant or
// implied free. Its bounds are relaxed and the constraint will be removed
// later by the FreeConstraintPreprocessor.
//
// * Otherwise, wo do nothing.
class ForcingAndImpliedFreeConstraintPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit ForcingAndImpliedFreeConstraintPreprocessor(
      const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  ForcingAndImpliedFreeConstraintPreprocessor(
      const ForcingAndImpliedFreeConstraintPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ForcingAndImpliedFreeConstraintPreprocessor& operator=(
      const ForcingAndImpliedFreeConstraintPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~ForcingAndImpliedFreeConstraintPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  bool lp_is_maximization_problem_;
  DenseRow costs_;
  DenseBooleanColumn is_forcing_up_;
  ColumnDeletionHelper column_deletion_helper_;
  RowDeletionHelper row_deletion_helper_;
  ColumnsSaver columns_saver_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// ImpliedFreePreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// It is possible to compute "implied" bounds on a variable from the bounds of
// all the other variables and the constraints in which this variable take
// place. If such "implied" bounds are inside the variable bounds, then the
// variable bounds can be relaxed and the variable is said to be "implied free".
//
// This preprocessor detects the implied free variables and make as many as
// possible free with a priority towards low-degree columns. This transformation
// will make the simplex algorithm more efficient later, but will also make it
// possible to reduce the problem by applying subsequent transformations:
//
// * The SingletonPreprocessor already deals with implied free singleton
// variables and removes the columns and the rows in which they appear.
//
// * Any multiple of the column of a free variable can be added to any other
// column without changing the linear program solution. This is the dual
// counterpart of the fact that any multiple of an equality row can be added to
// any row.
//
// TODO(user): Only process doubleton columns so we have more chance in the
// later passes to create more doubleton columns? Such columns lead to a smaller
// problem thanks to the DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor.
class ImpliedFreePreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit ImpliedFreePreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  ImpliedFreePreprocessor(const ImpliedFreePreprocessor&) = delete;
  ImpliedFreePreprocessor& operator=(const ImpliedFreePreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~ImpliedFreePreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  // This preprocessor adds fixed offsets to some variables. We remember those
  // here to un-offset them in RecoverSolution().
  DenseRow variable_offsets_;
 
  // This preprocessor causes some variables who would normally be
  // AT_{LOWER,UPPER}_BOUND to be VariableStatus::FREE. We store the restore
  // value of these variables; which will only be used (eg. restored) if the
  // variable actually turns out to be VariableStatus::FREE.
  VariableStatusRow postsolve_status_of_free_variables_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// This preprocessor removes one of the two rows in which a doubleton column of
// a free variable appears. Since we can add any multiple of such a column to
// any other column, the way this works is that we can always remove all the
// entries on one row.
//
// Actually, we can remove all the entries except the one of the free column.
// But we will be left with a singleton row that we can delete in the same way
// as what is done in SingletonPreprocessor. That is by reporting the constraint
// bounds into the one of the originally free variable. After this operation,
// the doubleton free column will become a singleton and may or may not be
// removed later by the SingletonPreprocessor.
//
// Note that this preprocessor can be seen as the dual of the
// DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor since when taking the dual, an equality row
// becomes a free variable and vice versa.
//
// Note(user): As far as I know, this doubleton free column procedure is more
// general than what can be found in the research papers or in any of the linear
// solver open source codes as of July 2013. All of them only process such
// columns if one of the two rows is also an equality which is not actually
// required. Most probably, commercial solvers do use it though.
class DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor(const DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor& operator=(
      const DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~DoubletonFreeColumnPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  enum RowChoice {
    DELETED = 0,
    MODIFIED = 1,
    // This is just a constant for the number of rows in a doubleton column.
    // That is 2, one will be DELETED, the other MODIFIED.
    NUM_ROWS = 2,
  };
  struct RestoreInfo {
    // The index of the original free doubleton column and its objective.
    ColIndex col;
    Fractional objective_coefficient;
 
    // The row indices of the two involved rows and their coefficients on
    // column col.
    RowIndex row[NUM_ROWS];
    Fractional coeff[NUM_ROWS];
 
    // The deleted row as a column.
    SparseColumn deleted_row_as_column;
  };
 
  std::vector<RestoreInfo> restore_stack_;
  RowDeletionHelper row_deletion_helper_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// UnconstrainedVariablePreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// If for a given variable, none of the constraints block it in one direction
// and this direction improves the objective, then this variable can be fixed to
// its bound in this direction. If this bound is infinite and the variable cost
// is non-zero, then the problem is unbounded.
//
// More generally, by using the constraints and the variables that are unbounded
// on one side, one can derive bounds on the dual values. These can be
// translated into bounds on the reduced costs or the columns, which may force
// variables to their bounds. This is called forcing and dominated columns in
// the Andersen & Andersen paper.
class UnconstrainedVariablePreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit UnconstrainedVariablePreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  UnconstrainedVariablePreprocessor(const UnconstrainedVariablePreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  UnconstrainedVariablePreprocessor& operator=(
      const UnconstrainedVariablePreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~UnconstrainedVariablePreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
  // Removes the given variable and all the rows in which it appears: If a
  // variable is unconstrained with a zero cost, then all the constraints in
  // which it appears can be made free! More precisely, during postsolve, if
  // such a variable is unconstrained towards +kInfinity, for any activity value
  // of the involved constraints, an M exists such that for each value of the
  // variable >= M the problem will be feasible.
  //
  // The algorithm during postsolve is to find a feasible value for all such
  // variables while trying to keep their magnitudes small (for better numerical
  // behavior). target_bound should take only two possible values: +/-kInfinity.
  void RemoveZeroCostUnconstrainedVariable(ColIndex col,
                                           Fractional target_bound,
                                           LinearProgram* lp);
 
 private:
  // Lower/upper bounds on the feasible dual value. We use constraints and
  // variables unbounded in one direction to derive these bounds. We use these
  // bounds to compute bounds on the reduced costs of the problem variables.
  // Note that any finite bounds on a reduced cost means that the variable
  // (ignoring its domain) can move freely in one direction.
  DenseColumn dual_lb_;
  DenseColumn dual_ub_;
 
  // Indicates if a given column may have participated in the current lb/ub
  // on the reduced cost of the same column.
  DenseBooleanRow may_have_participated_ub_;
  DenseBooleanRow may_have_participated_lb_;
 
  ColumnDeletionHelper column_deletion_helper_;
  RowDeletionHelper row_deletion_helper_;
  ColumnsSaver rows_saver_;
  DenseColumn rhs_;
  DenseColumn activity_sign_correction_;
  DenseBooleanRow is_unbounded_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// FreeConstraintPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Removes the constraints with no bounds from the problem.
class FreeConstraintPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit FreeConstraintPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  FreeConstraintPreprocessor(const FreeConstraintPreprocessor&) = delete;
  FreeConstraintPreprocessor& operator=(const FreeConstraintPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  ~FreeConstraintPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  RowDeletionHelper row_deletion_helper_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// EmptyConstraintPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Removes the constraints with no coefficients from the problem.
class EmptyConstraintPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit EmptyConstraintPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  EmptyConstraintPreprocessor(const EmptyConstraintPreprocessor&) = delete;
  EmptyConstraintPreprocessor& operator=(const EmptyConstraintPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  ~EmptyConstraintPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  RowDeletionHelper row_deletion_helper_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// RemoveNearZeroEntriesPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Removes matrix entries that have only a negligible impact on the solution.
// Using the variable bounds, we derive a maximum possible impact, and remove
// the entries whose impact is under a given tolerance.
//
// TODO(user): This preprocessor doesn't work well on badly scaled problems. In
// particular, it will set the objective to zero if all the objective
// coefficients are small! Run it after ScalingPreprocessor or fix the code.
class RemoveNearZeroEntriesPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit RemoveNearZeroEntriesPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  RemoveNearZeroEntriesPreprocessor(const RemoveNearZeroEntriesPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  RemoveNearZeroEntriesPreprocessor& operator=(
      const RemoveNearZeroEntriesPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~RemoveNearZeroEntriesPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// SingletonColumnSignPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Make sure that the only coefficient of all singleton columns (i.e. column
// with only one entry) is positive. This is because this way the column will
// be transformed in an identity column by the scaling. This will lead to more
// efficient solve when this column is involved.
class SingletonColumnSignPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit SingletonColumnSignPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  SingletonColumnSignPreprocessor(const SingletonColumnSignPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  SingletonColumnSignPreprocessor& operator=(
      const SingletonColumnSignPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~SingletonColumnSignPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  std::vector<ColIndex> changed_columns_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Reduce equality constraints involving two variables (i.e. aX + bY = c),
// by substitution (and thus removal) of one of the variables by the other
// in all the constraints that it is involved in.
class DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor(const DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor& operator=(
      const DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  enum ColChoice {
    DELETED = 0,
    MODIFIED = 1,
    // For for() loops iterating over the ColChoice values, and/or arrays.
    NUM_DOUBLETON_COLS = 2,
  };
  static ColChoice OtherColChoice(ColChoice x) {
    return x == DELETED ? MODIFIED : DELETED;
  }
 
  ColumnDeletionHelper column_deletion_helper_;
  RowDeletionHelper row_deletion_helper_;
 
  struct RestoreInfo {
    // The row index of the doubleton equality constraint, and its constant.
    RowIndex row;
    Fractional rhs;  // The constant c in the equality aX + bY = c.
 
    // The indices and the data of the two columns that we touched, exactly
    // as they were beforehand.
    ColIndex col[NUM_DOUBLETON_COLS];
    Fractional coeff[NUM_DOUBLETON_COLS];
    Fractional lb[NUM_DOUBLETON_COLS];
    Fractional ub[NUM_DOUBLETON_COLS];
    Fractional objective_coefficient[NUM_DOUBLETON_COLS];
 
    // If the modified variable has status AT_[LOWER,UPPER]_BOUND, then we'll
    // set one of the two original variables to one of its bounds, and set the
    // other to VariableStatus::BASIC. We store this information (which variable
    // will be set to one of its bounds, and which bound) for each possible
    // outcome.
    struct ColChoiceAndStatus {
      ColChoice col_choice;
      VariableStatus status;
      Fractional value;
      ColChoiceAndStatus() : col_choice(), status(), value(0.0) {}
      ColChoiceAndStatus(ColChoice c, VariableStatus s, Fractional v)
          : col_choice(c), status(s), value(v) {}
    };
    ColChoiceAndStatus bound_backtracking_at_lower_bound;
    ColChoiceAndStatus bound_backtracking_at_upper_bound;
  };
  void SwapDeletedAndModifiedVariableRestoreInfo(RestoreInfo* r);
 
  std::vector<RestoreInfo> restore_stack_;
  DenseColumn saved_row_lower_bounds_;
  DenseColumn saved_row_upper_bounds_;
 
  ColumnsSaver columns_saver_;
  DenseRow saved_objective_;
};
 
// Because of numerical imprecision, a preprocessor like
// DoubletonEqualityRowPreprocessor can transform a constraint/variable domain
// like [1, 1+1e-7] to a fixed domain (for ex by multiplying the above domain by
// 1e9). This causes an issue because at postsolve, a FIXED_VALUE status now
// needs to be transformed to a AT_LOWER_BOUND/AT_UPPER_BOUND status. This is
// what this function is doing for the constraint statuses only.
//
// TODO(user): A better solution would simply be to get rid of the FIXED status
// altogether, it is better to simply use AT_LOWER_BOUND/AT_UPPER_BOUND
// depending on the constraining bound in the optimal solution. Note that we can
// always at the end transform any variable/constraint with a fixed domain to
// FIXED_VALUE if needed to keep the same external API.
void FixConstraintWithFixedStatuses(const DenseColumn& row_lower_bounds,
                                    const DenseColumn& row_upper_bounds,
                                    ProblemSolution* solution);
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// DualizerPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// DualizerPreprocessor may change the given program to its dual depending
// on the value of the parameter solve_dual_problem.
//
// IMPORTANT: FreeConstraintPreprocessor() must be called first since this
// preprocessor does not deal correctly with free constraints.
class DualizerPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit DualizerPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  DualizerPreprocessor(const DualizerPreprocessor&) = delete;
  DualizerPreprocessor& operator=(const DualizerPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~DualizerPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
  void UseInMipContext() final {
    LOG(FATAL) << "In the presence of integer variables, "
               << "there is no notion of a dual problem.";
  }
 
  // Convert the given problem status to the one of its dual.
  ProblemStatus ChangeStatusToDualStatus(ProblemStatus status) const;
 
 private:
  DenseRow variable_lower_bounds_;
  DenseRow variable_upper_bounds_;
 
  RowIndex primal_num_rows_;
  ColIndex primal_num_cols_;
  bool primal_is_maximization_problem_;
  RowToColMapping duplicated_rows_;
 
  // For postsolving the variable/constraint statuses.
  VariableStatusRow dual_status_correspondence_;
  ColMapping slack_or_surplus_mapping_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// ShiftVariableBoundsPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// For each variable, inspects its bounds and "shift" them if necessary, so that
// its domain contains zero. A variable that was shifted will always have at
// least one of its bounds to zero. Doing it all at once allows to have a better
// precision when modifying the constraint bounds by using an accurate summation
// algorithm.
//
// Example:
// - A variable with bound [1e10, infinity] will be shifted to [0, infinity].
// - A variable with domain [-1e10, 1e10] will not be shifted. Note that
//   compared to the first case, doing so here may introduce unnecessary
//   numerical errors if the variable value in the final solution is close to
//   zero.
//
// The expected impact of this is:
// - Better behavior of the scaling.
// - Better precision and numerical accuracy of the simplex method.
// - Slightly improved speed (because adding a column with a variable value of
//   zero takes no work later).
//
// TODO(user): Having for each variable one of their bounds at zero is a
// requirement for the DualizerPreprocessor and for the implied free column in
// the ImpliedFreePreprocessor. However, shifting a variable with a domain like
// [-1e10, 1e10] may introduce numerical issues. Relax the definition of
// a free variable so that only having a domain containing 0.0 is enough?
class ShiftVariableBoundsPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit ShiftVariableBoundsPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  ShiftVariableBoundsPreprocessor(const ShiftVariableBoundsPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  ShiftVariableBoundsPreprocessor& operator=(
      const ShiftVariableBoundsPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~ShiftVariableBoundsPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
  const DenseRow& offsets() const { return offsets_; }
 
 private:
  // Contains for each variable by how much its bounds where shifted during
  // presolve. Note that the shift was negative (new bound = initial bound -
  // offset).
  DenseRow offsets_;
  // Contains the initial problem bounds. They are needed to get the perfect
  // numerical accuracy for variables at their bound after postsolve.
  DenseRow variable_initial_lbs_;
  DenseRow variable_initial_ubs_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// ScalingPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Scales the SparseMatrix of the linear program using a SparseMatrixScaler.
// This is only applied if the parameter use_scaling is true.
class ScalingPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit ScalingPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  ScalingPreprocessor(const ScalingPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ScalingPreprocessor& operator=(const ScalingPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~ScalingPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
  void UseInMipContext() final { LOG(FATAL) << "Not implemented."; }
 
 private:
  DenseRow variable_lower_bounds_;
  DenseRow variable_upper_bounds_;
  Fractional cost_scaling_factor_;
  Fractional bound_scaling_factor_;
  SparseMatrixScaler scaler_;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// ToMinimizationPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Changes the problem from maximization to minimization (if applicable).
class ToMinimizationPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit ToMinimizationPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  ToMinimizationPreprocessor(const ToMinimizationPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ToMinimizationPreprocessor& operator=(const ToMinimizationPreprocessor&) =
      delete;
  ~ToMinimizationPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
};
 
// --------------------------------------------------------
// AddSlackVariablesPreprocessor
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Transforms the linear program to the equation form
// min c.x, s.t. A.x = 0. This is done by:
// 1. Introducing slack variables for all constraints; all these variables are
//    introduced with coefficient 1.0, and their bounds are set to be negative
//    bounds of the corresponding constraint.
// 2. Changing the bounds of all constraints to (0, 0) to make them an equality.
//
// As a consequence, the matrix of the linear program always has full row rank
// after this preprocessor. Note that the slack variables are always added last,
// so that the rightmost square sub-matrix is always the identity matrix.
//
// TODO(user): Do not require this step to talk to the revised simplex. On large
// LPs like supportcase11.mps, this step alone can add 1.5 GB to the solver peak
// memory for no good reason. The internal matrix representation used in glop is
// a lot more efficient, and there is no point keeping the slacks in
// LinearProgram. It is also bad for incrementaly modifying the LP.
class AddSlackVariablesPreprocessor : public Preprocessor {
 public:
  explicit AddSlackVariablesPreprocessor(const GlopParameters* parameters)
      : Preprocessor(parameters) {}
  AddSlackVariablesPreprocessor(const AddSlackVariablesPreprocessor&) = delete;
  AddSlackVariablesPreprocessor& operator=(
      const AddSlackVariablesPreprocessor&) = delete;
  ~AddSlackVariablesPreprocessor() final {}
  bool Run(LinearProgram* lp) final;
  void RecoverSolution(ProblemSolution* solution) const final;
 
 private:
  ColIndex first_slack_col_;
};
 
}  // namespace glop
}  // namespace operations_research
 
#endif  // OR_TOOLS_GLOP_PREPROCESSOR_H_